Geometrical Archetypal Analysis: One Step
Beyond the Current View
Demetris T. Christopoulos
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
2024/05/30
Geometrical Archetypal Analysis (GAA)
At the traditional Archetypal Analysis (AA) [1] we have a data frame
\(df\) which is a matrix \(Y\) with dimension \(n \times d\), with n the number of
observations (rows) and d the number of variables (columns) or the
dimension of the relevant Linear Space \(R^d\).
The output of our AA algorithm which has been implemented at the R
Package “archetypal” computes the matrices \(A\), \(B\)
such that: \[
Y\sim\,A\,B\,Y
\] or if we want to be more strict our \(kappas\times\,d\) matrix of archetypes
\(B\,Y\) is such that next squared
Frobenius norm is minimum \[
SSE=\|Y-A\,B\,Y \|^2 = minimum
\] \(A\) (\(n\times\,kappas\)) is a are row stochastic
matrix and \(B\) (\(kappas\times\,n\) ) is a column stochastic
one.
We also define the Variance Explained as next: \[
varexpl=\frac{SST-SSE}{SST}
\] with SST being the total sum of squares for all elements of
matrix \(Y\).
It is a suitable modification of \(PCHA\) algorithm, see [2], [3], which now
uses the data frames without transposing them and it has full control to
all external and internal parameters of it.
But there are many disadvantages at this route:
- The number of archetypes (“\(kappas\)”) is unknown
- The choice of \(kappas\) by using
the SSE plot is a very questionable process:
- The elbow or knee point usually is located at the center of the
SSE-kappas curve
- If you test more kappas, then it increases
But what really stands for the concept of archetypes?
We know that archetypes lie on the outer bound of the Convex Hull
that covers all our data points.
Now arise next questions:
- How many points in the vector space \(R^d\) are needed in order to create a
minimal Convex Hull for them which can be called “Archetypal Spanning
Convex Hull”?
- The answer is \(kappas = d +
1\)
- If we take the above as the number of archetypes then:
- What is the percentage of our data points that are covered by that
hull?
- Are we satisfied with a value of 1%?
- For social sciences data sets we observe an almost ellipsoidal
distribution
- That means we need many archetypes for an acceptable data
coverage
- What should we do in order to increase that data coverage?
The solution to all the above problems is Geometrical Archetypal
Analysis (GAA), see also the pdf version [4].
Given the data frame \(df\) and its
correspondent matrix \(Y\in R^d\) we
follow next steps:
- We find the minimum \(Y_{j(1)}\)
and maximum \(Y_{j(\nu)}\) values for
all variables \(Y_j,j=1,...,d\)
- We take the Cartesian Product: \[
\{Y_{1(1)},Y_{1(\nu)}\}\times\{Y_{2(1)},Y_{2(\nu)}\}\times\ldots\times\{Y_{d(1)},Y_{d(\nu)}\}
\]
- We define the \(2^d\) vectors as
the Archetypal Grid, for example if \(d=3\) we find the 8 rows of next matrix:
\[
\begin{matrix}Y1,min&Y2,min&Y3,min
\\Y1,max&Y2,min&Y3,min \\Y1,min&Y2,max&Y3,min
\\Y1,max&Y2,max&Y3,min \\Y1,min&Y2,min&Y3,max
\\Y1,max&Y2,min&Y3,max \\Y1,min&Y2,max&Y3,max
\\Y1,max&Y2,max&Y3,max \\\end{matrix}
\]
- We create a new data frame \(dg\)
with the Archetypal Grid as the first rows and the initial data
frame “df” as the rest ones
- We fix the \(BY\) matrix of
archetypes to be the first \(2^d\) rows
of \(dg\)
- We iteratively compute the \(A\)-matrix of the \(Y\sim\,A\,B\,Y\,\) decomposition
- We collect the \(\{2^{d}+1,\ldots\,n\}\) rows of that \(A\)-matrix: these are the compositions of
all initial data rows as convex combinations of Grid Archetypes
Since we are sure that our archetypes cover the 100% of the data
points, then we don’t care about their number so much, since what
actually matters is the compositions for each point.
Grid Archetypal
We create a set of random 3D data points and then we compute the
Grid Archetypal Analysis.
library(GeomArchetypal)
# Create random data
set.seed(20140519)
df=matrix(runif(300) , nrow = 100, ncol=3)
colnames(df)=c("x","y","z")
# Grid Archetypal
gaa=grid_archetypal(df, diag_less = 1e-6, niter = 50, verbose = FALSE)
summary(gaa)
## Number of observations / data rows n = 108
## (The first 8 rows are the Grid Archetypes)
## Dimension of data variables d = 3
## Number of Grid Archetypes k = 8
##
## Grid Archetypes:
##
## x y z
## 1 0.04107952 0.00131741 0.01868682
## 2 0.98128784 0.00131741 0.01868682
## 3 0.04107952 0.99690733 0.01868682
## 4 0.98128784 0.99690733 0.01868682
## 5 0.04107952 0.00131741 0.99566805
## 6 0.98128784 0.00131741 0.99566805
## 7 0.04107952 0.99690733 0.99566805
## 8 0.98128784 0.99690733 0.99566805
##
## Run details:
##
## SSE VarianceExplained Convergence Iterations ElapsedTime
## 1 5.951504e-06 0.9999999 TRUE 39 0
If we plot the data points and the archetypes we observe that the
Archetypal Spanning Convex Hull covers all our points, a fact
that can be checked by using the function
points_inside_convex_hull():
points_inside_convex_hull(df, gaa$grid)
## [1] 100
Closer Grid Archetypal
For the same data set as before we want to set as archetypes the
Closer to the Grid Archetypes just because we’d like our archetypes to
belong to the data set.
# Closer Grid Archetypal
cga=closer_grid_archetypal(df,diag_less = 1e-3, niter = 70, verbose = FALSE)
summary(cga)
## Number of observations / data rows n = 100
## Dimension of data variables d = 3
## Number of Closer Grid Archetypes k = 8
## The rows that formed the Closer Grid Archetypes are:
## 52,69,18,87,6,14,39,5
##
## The Closer Grid Archetypes are:
##
## x y z
## 1 0.13352227 0.15353714 0.07159086
## 2 0.75890322 0.09126450 0.01868682
## 3 0.07234262 0.79526378 0.06748076
## 4 0.88561538 0.94945905 0.10888000
## 5 0.31213541 0.12031532 0.87912934
## 6 0.96420042 0.07130253 0.77504836
## 7 0.24115414 0.88179278 0.90609350
## 8 0.89296529 0.95993797 0.94319426
##
## The Run details are:
##
## SSE VarianceExplained Convergence Iterations ElapsedTime
## 1 0.3367711 0.9965373 TRUE 26 0
What is the percentage of data coverage for the Closer Grid
Archetypes?
pc=points_inside_convex_hull(df,cga$aa$BY)
print(pc)
## [1] 59
The is a relatively high percentage compared to the usually very low
values of less than 10%, especially if we seek for a small number of
archetypes.
Fast Archetypal
If we decide that we’ll take a specific set of rows as archetypes,
then we can use the function fast-archetypal() to compute the
\(A\)-matrix of convex coefficients for
the rest of data points.
It is the generic function that is used from both
grid_archetypal() and closer_grid_archetypal() for
their main computations.
Here we can use the rows we have found just before as the rows for
the archetypes.
# Fast Archetypal
fa=fast_archetypal(df, irows = cga$grid_rows, diag_less = 1e-6,
niter = 100, verbose = FALSE)
summary(fa)
## Number of observations / data rows n = 100
## Dimension of data variables d = 3
## Number of archetypes k = 8
##
## Archetypes:
##
## x y z
## 1 0.13352227 0.15353714 0.07159086
## 2 0.75890322 0.09126450 0.01868682
## 3 0.07234262 0.79526378 0.06748076
## 4 0.88561538 0.94945905 0.10888000
## 5 0.31213541 0.12031532 0.87912934
## 6 0.96420042 0.07130253 0.77504836
## 7 0.24115414 0.88179278 0.90609350
## 8 0.89296529 0.95993797 0.94319426
##
## Run details:
##
## SSE VarianceExplained Convergence Iterations ElapsedTime
## 1 0.3305205 0.9966016 TRUE 57 0
##
## Call:
## fast_archetypal(df = df, irows = cga$grid_rows, diag_less = 1e-06,
## niter = 100, verbose = FALSE)
par(oldpar)
options(oldoptions)
As it was expected the results are totally identical with the
previously found ones.
References
[1] Cutler, A., & Breiman, L. (1994). Archetypal Analysis.
Technometrics, 36(4), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1994.10485840
[2] M Morup and LK Hansen, “Archetypal analysis for machine learning
and data mining”, Neurocomputing (Elsevier, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2011.06.033.
[3] Source: https://mortenmorup.dk/?page_id=2 , last accessed
2024-03-09
[4] Christopoulos, DT, (2024) “Geometrical Archetypal Analysis: One
Step Beyond the Current View”, http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14030.88642 .